4 Facts About Native American Reservations

The term Indian reservation refers to the ancestral territory still occupied by a Native American nation. While there are approximately 565 federally recognized tribes in the U.S., there are only about 326 reservations. This means that almost one-third of all currently federally recognized tribes have lost their land bases as a result of colonization. There were well over 1,000 tribes in existence prior to the formation of the U.S., but many faced extinction due to foreign diseases or were simply not politically recognized by the U.S. Initial Formation Contrary to popular opinion, reservations are not lands given to Indians by the United States government. Quite the opposite is true; land was given to the U.S. by the tribes through treaties. What are now reservations is the land retained by the tribes after the treaty-based land cessions (not to mention other mechanisms by which the U.S. seized Indian lands without consent). Indian reservations are created in one of three ways: By treaty, by executive order of the president, or by an act of Congress. Land in Trust Based on federal Indian law, Indian reservations are lands held in trust for tribes by the federal government. This problematically means that the tribes technically do not own title to their own lands, but the trust relationship between tribes and the U.S. dictates that the U.S. has a fiduciary responsibility to administer and manage the lands and resources to the best advantage of the tribes. Historically, the U.S. has failed miserably in its management responsibilities. Federal policies have led to massive land loss and gross negligence in resource extraction on reservation lands. For example, uranium mining in the southwest has led to dramatically increased levels of cancer in the Navajo Nation and other Pueblo tribes. The mismanagement of trust lands has also resulted in the largest class-action lawsuit in U.S. history known as the Cobell case; it was settled after 15 years of litigation by the Obama Administration. Socioeconomic Realities Generations of lawmakers have recognized the failures of federal Indian policy. These policies have consistently resulted in the highest levels of poverty and other negative social indicators compared to all other American populations, including substance abuse, mortality rates, education, and others. Modern policies and laws have sought to promote independence and economic development on the reservations. One such law—the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988—recognizes the rights of Native Americans to operate casinos on their lands. While gaming has produced an overall positive economic effect in Indian country, very few have realized significant wealth as a result of casinos. Cultural Preservation Among the outcomes of disastrous federal policies is the fact that most Native Americans no longer live on reservations. Its true that reservation life is very difficult in some ways, but most Native Americans that can trace their ancestry to a particular reservation tend to think of it as home. Native Americans are place-based people; their cultures are reflective of their relationship to the land and their continuity on it, even when they have endured displacement and relocation. Reservations are centers of cultural preservation and revitalization. Even though the process of colonization has resulted in much loss of culture, much is still retained as Native Americans have adapted to modern life. Reservations are places where traditional languages are still spoken, where traditional arts and crafts are still created, where ancient dances and ceremonies are still performed, and where origin stories are still told. They are in a sense the heart of America-a connection to a time and place that reminds us how young America really is.

Alcohol Use And Misuse By Young People - Practitioners...

Alcohol use and Misuse by Young People – Practitioners Perspectives Introduction Two million people are estimated to die each year all over the world from alcohol related complications (World Health Organisation, 2011). With its numerous associations with risky and aggressive behaviours, irresponsible sexual behaviours, crime, increased likelihood of traffic accidents, health complications, mental health problems and mental disorders (Bruin, 2014), alcohol consumption could result in a large amount of severe implications on numerous lives. This is a serious social problem, and a public health issue, which places a heavy burden on the society, and affects a large number of individuals of all ages (Drink aware, 2011). Whilst government†¦show more content†¦Moreover, in any circumstances alcohol, it is being used by young people; it should not be beyond the age of 15. However, young people between 15-17 years of age should only consume alcohol under parental guidance, or career, or within a supervised environment. (Warwick et.al, 2009). With alcohol being a major concern, numerous services with target support to young people should make local alternatives and strategies to consumption of alcohol with enough accessibility and availability to young people (Warwick et.al, 2009). This dissertation examines Alcohol use and Misuse by Young People through practitioner’s perspectives using youth workers as the main practitioners to obtain the dynamics of alcohol use in young people. It investigates the behaviours and risks associated with the use, and excessive use or misuse of alcohol. This dissertation will seek to investigate the strategies to support young people on the use of alcohol, as well as to examine the training and resources available to offer these support to young people. The significance of Alcohol use and misuse by young people is to find the current improvement in the consumption of alcohol in relation to young people, as well as the policies/ legislations and organisation working to render support in achieving these improvements. This dissertation will use a case-study methodology to examine

Racist Speech Free Essays

As a society, we need to realize that with honesty, you have a certain responsibility and walk a fine line between offending people and possibly making racial statements. Therefore, the main difference between my interpretation and the conventional one is my focus is on unintentional vs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Racist Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intentional racist speech. The Balance between racist speech and expression in a college environment can be difficult to decipher; students are encouraged and should express themselves while n campus, this embraces their creativity, passion, talent and allows them to feel Like they’re in a safe environment. However, there is a fine line between expressing themselves in an offensive way vs.. An effective way. The article written by Derek Book titled Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus focuses on a situation that occurred at Harvard, stating that â€Å"Two students hung Confederate flags in public view, upsetting students who equate the Confederacy with slavery’. According to my deflation this Is clearly racist speech and started quite the commotion among the Taft at the prestigious university and caused some other colleges to take racist speech too new level. In Books article his statement of colleges â€Å"some have enacted codes to protect their communities from forms of speech that are deemed to be insensitive to the feelings of other groups. † Even the words â€Å"Insensitive to the feelings of other groups† degrades the first amendment and could lead to racism. While some colleges chose not to enforce any restrictions, others varied In their approach and seventy of retribution. There are many ways to deal with this issue but the fact that each institution deals with it differently proves that racist speech continues and the answer remains elusive. Even though communities have the right to regulate speech they must do so very cautiously. If they do, they must apply the rules and limitations across the board and cannot enforce selectively to prohibit certain kind of messages and allow others that they think are acceptable; which can again be portrayed as racist speech. He goes on to say that â€Å"I am sure that the vast majority of Harvard students believe hat hanging a Confederate flag in public view-or displaying a swastika in response-is insensitive and unwise because any satisfaction It gives to the students who display these symbols Is far outweighed by the discomfort It causes to many others. † When freedom of speech does not guarantee that the choice made by the student’s will be the same choice Book would make. Right after that quote, Book states â€Å"l share this view’, but we forget that the flag symbolizing slavery was not the intent but rather an unintentional form of racist speech. If you are an agency of the government including public universities the free speech clause in the first amendment will be upheld even if the event offends the feelings or believes of that community. Book says in his article â€Å"l have difficulty understanding why a university such as Harvard should have less free speech than the surrounding society- or than a public university’. In response Harvard is a private university which means it is not obligated to all government rules and regulation, the problem comes from the ambiguous limitations of the first amendment. Who’s to say what is offensive or not in the eyes of the law, there are no tangible words for racist speech which results in many different interpretations. Colleges are not the only institutions with this problem; racist speech can be found everywhere. Even President Barack Obama is trying to end discrimination regarding the military and people who have different sexual preferences. The controversial â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell†, passed in 1993, prevents gay men and lesbians from revealing their sexual orientation, and prevents the military from asking about it. This discuss policy has been in effect for over 15 years, and it’s been supported by our military at all levels. However, this law of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy is unconstitutional because the main purpose of the First Amendment is freedom of speech, if lesbians and gay men are not allowed to have this right in the military; then the military and congress who approved this law are both racist. This is an example of racist speech and our government is acting as if it were a private institution and not part of a government that is owned by the people. President Barack Obama wants to put an end to the anti-gay policy because it clearly sends a message of discrimination regarding the right to freedom of speech. It is a battle between our right to freedom of speech and the Military right to pass a law only because it can. Although these incidents seem quite manageable they can easily become a much bigger problem. For instance what if someone decides to burn the offensive flag at Harvard down, we now have crossed the freedom of speech line and have committed an illegal act. Can you imagine what would happen in our public schools if we tried to enforce â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell†. Speech can cross over to action which causes racial tension but is also considered a crime. If you minimize racist speech you put a spotlight on racism only making the situation worse igniting the flames that started the problem in the first place. Book says â€Å"it would be better to ignore† however ignoring the problem is a Band-Aid not a solution. In order to come to a universal agreement that will end racism, means making it a priority to our first amendment. Book says â€Å"The fact that speech is protected by the tuition from Harvard the students who felt offended by the flag that symbolized slavery through their eyes, would strongly disagree with Book protesting that it is our right. However our leaders in congress seem to strongly agree, by their actions of standing by â€Å"Don’t ask Don’t Tell†, they must believe gay men and lesbians do not have the right to voice talk or congregate with others of their persuasion while in the service of our government about their sexual preference. As long as there is freedom of speech, it is considered wrong to tell someone what they can or can’t say. How to cite Racist Speech, Papers

Professional Practice in Real Estate Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Professional Practice in Real Estate. Answer: Introduction Malaysia has expanded its real estate sector to provide houses, offices and commercial properties. Malaysian real estate sector is continue to grow after slow downturn in 2014 and 2015. The surveyors are professionally trained persons. They supervise land properties with the aim of obtaining appropriate returns. They can be investors and developers. The surveyors include physical inspection of property. A surveyor carries out market research analysis, property information service and feasibility studies. Malaysia focuses on transforming real estate. The Malaysian economy is growing sustainably even during global slowdown. A conflict of interest arises due to involvement in multiple interests. It creates risk for judgement and corrupts decision making. So, it is necessary to manage conflict of interest for surveyors. Professional Practice in Real Estate Industry in Malaysia The valuation and property services in Malaysia are governed by the Ministry of Finance. It has one quarter, fourteen state offices and thirty eight district offices. The property valuation organisation is service oriented organisation in Malaysia and it can be under government department or private enterprise. It includes consultation tasks. Such organisations provide expert opinion to clients on the matters related to real estate. The services provided by experts are property evaluation, analysing project viability, preparing market study, real-estate brokerage and property supervision (Baharum, Hwa Salleh, 2016). The real estate organisations play an important role in real estate industry development. It involves various degree of complexity and challenges in the progress of nation. The real estate organisation is an intensive organisation and contains extensive knowledge. The challenges and opportunities available in the industry becomes motivation for the surveyors to obtain knowledge from employees. The surveyors need to update and manage knowledge as clients are demanding now days (Rogers, 2017). Conflict of interest for surveyors The slow growth in loan requirements has dropped number of property transactions in Malaysia. The surveyors are required to avoid conflict of interest and identify interests and manage situations. Some conflicts are easy to identify and resolve while others require careful thought. It is the responsibility of surveyors to identify and deal with the conflicts properly (Zainuddin Nordin, 2016). The identification andmanagement of conflicts of interests in an effective manner are challenging but important ingredient of professionalism. Checking conflicts of interest The conflict of interests can be checked and dealt by robust systems at place. RICS Regulation Annual review for the year 2013- 14 recorded that the registered valuers commonly fail at audit due to the lack of robust or a system. This can be utilized for the purpose of checking conflict of interest and where such system exists, there is failure in recording the results of checks (Azmi, Nawawi, Ab Latif Ling, 2015). Most common conflicts arise when more than one client is acted for the same transaction. Individuals can easily avoid such situations however it becomes difficult for larger businesses with multiple offices. In case of identification of conflict, robust rules are required to be put in place regarding transparency, declarations and resolutions. Difference of opinions may arise regarding the question of continuation of a particular situation. The avoidance of such situations are becomes must however there are reasons when the client request for proceeding. Therefore, the existence of conflict must be declared to the relevant parties and their written assignment must be secured for proceeding further (Ochieng, Abdulai, Obeng-Odoom Malien?, 2017). Misunderstandings can result in vulnerability to action in cases where there is no written evidence. Think carefully The principle of transparency is considered as a good option. In the real estate industry of Malaysia focus is given on transparency. The openness with the parties to a transaction reduces the chances of conflict. For example, in cases where a client is introduced to an investment property at an agreed purchase fee required to be paid when the transaction is successfully completed. Here the purchase fee will only be received if the transaction proceeds and not in other cases which can result in conflict of interest (Jiram, Bujang, Zarin Latib, 2016). Mitigating factors are considered as protective of the interest of the client. In situations where the client is provided with more than one service on the same transaction, there arises some tension for the individual provider of those services if success related fee is involved in one of those services. The fee can be adjusted by allowing independent provision of the additional services by other firms. For many years, multiple provision of services has been in the market and diversion of fees to an opponent can be found by many firms as unacceptable. A good practical guidance is provided by the RICS Malaysia Commercial Real Estate Agency Standards on the effective handling of conflicts. The guidance states that both the terms of acquisitions and sales instructions should be in writing which also includes the odd purchase transaction that arises from introductions. It is to ensure that the client is made aware regarding all the possible conflicts that may arise along with the provision of opportunity for discussing them (Adnan, Daud, Alias Razali, 2017). After this, a written agreement should be prepared on the approach adopted. Sharpening Skills In 2017, the economic growth of Malaysian economy is expected to be lower. In this scenario a formal CPD training must be undertaken by all the practicing chartered surveyors along with the recording of their activities with the help of RICS website. It is easier for firms to conduct training sessions that will assist in testing the abilities of the individual surveyors regarding the handling the situations o conflict (Hamzah, Yahya, Sarip Mohd Adnan, 2016). The well- functioning of the property market for many years has led to the establishment of the market practices. The key objectives behind regulation include providing reassurance and confidence to the end customer that highest quality service is being provided which is uninfluenced by any bad practices. Every step taken by the surveyor must include the principle of openness. There is no risk and fear to the surveyor when they bring openness and agreement seeking in their actions (Jiram, Bujang, Zarin Latib, 2016). Disclosure The drop number of property transactions in Malaysia has increased cost of living and economic uncertainties. So before carrying out real estate work as a surveyor or someone connected has interest in selling and buying property must follow instructions as per act. To buyers: If a person is interested in selling property directly or indirectly than he should disclose conflict of interest to buyers in writing who has financial interest. The seller should inform buyer for the benefit he will get financially from transaction. To seller: If a person is engaged or interested in selling property directly or indirectly to buyer than the seller should follow the following instructions: The seller should work independently to sell property. The surveyor is recommended to no longer act for seller. If a surveyor is one person agency than it is recommended that seller goes to another agency. Personal connections The real estate agency act has specified rules to protect interest of buyers and sellers in the case of conflict of interest. It defines someone connected as: Any person in surveyors employment A partner under partnership agreement Any entity that has common interest Ways to avoid conflict of interest Knowledge management The real estate organisations in Malaysia involves a lot of consultation tasks and giving expert opinions on the matters related to property. Knowledgemanagement is important to protect interest of clients. Knowledge is collection of data and information which can be achieved through interpretation and context process. It can further be divided into tacit and unambiguous knowledge. The knowledge management is a framework acquired from employees of organisation to communicate surveyors. Communication is the process to share information. It can provide better knowledge to surveyors regarding trends in real estate. For the valuation practice knowledge is the key element for valuers. Having good knowledge of environment can help surveyors to gain competitive advantage (Lim, How, Liew, Chye Sarah, 2016). Knowledge management implementation model Theknowledge management is a multiple approach which covers essential elements of sector. A good knowledge management increases the competitive advantage. It enables fast decision making. The traditional approach of doing things can help in understanding need of industry (Sanni Hashim, 2016). A basic knowledge management model includes three categories known as cognitive domain layer, functional layer and resources layer. These layers represent the function of industry. Other than implementation model there are measures which can be taken to influence knowledge management performance. It determines the critical factors for the success of industry (Baffour Awuah Gyamfi-Yeboah, 2017). The investors and developers should focus on risks where markets are strong. The Malaysian Real Estate Market Outlook retrieves information from CBRE 2017. Boon: The real estate investment is one of the safest form of investment. The genuine demand leads the market. The market is expected to cool down with prices becoming negotiable. The areas with good transportation connectivity such as MRT, highways and HSR continue to be hotspots. The demand for affordable houses is likely to become intense. Bane: More experienced home buyers Challenging years can be for developers. There can be ongoing concern due to low crude oil prices and geo political issues. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that conflict arises among investors because of difference in interest. But this situation can be easily avoided and situation can be managed. Some interests are easy to categorise and resolve while others require careful thought. The surveyors are responsible to identify and deal with the conflicts. The identification and management of conflicts of interests in an effective manner is challenging but it can be made possible by thinking carefully and sharpening skills. Disclosure of information by industry has helped surveyors to avoid conflict. The knowledge management implementation model has also helped surveyors to overcome conflict of interest. References Adnan, Y.M., Daud, M.N., Alias, A. and Razali, M.N., (2017). Importance of soft skills for graduates in the real estate programmes in Malaysia.Journal of Surveying, Construction and Property, [Online]. Available at: https://mjs.um.edu.my/index.php/JSCP/article/download/5806/3568 [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Azmi, A.S.M., Nawawi, A.H., Ab Latif, S.N.F. and Ling, N.L.F.J., 2015. Knowledge Management Obstacles in Real Estate (Valuation) Organisations: Towards quality property services.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,[Online]. Available at: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042815048673/1-s2.0-S1877042815048673-main.pdf?_tid=d08322e6-13c0-482f-b6c0-4676f1bebdf1acdnat=1520409606_4ebcdfe361146089957b4715024f83d7 [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Baffour Awuah, K.G. and Gyamfi-Yeboah, F., 2017. The role of task complexity in valuation errors analysis in a developing real estate market.Journal of Property Research, [Online]. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09599916.2017.1315444 [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Baharum, Z.A., Hwa, T.K. and Salleh, S.M., 2016. Competency Framework for the Property Management Industry.Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal,[Online]. Available at: https://ebpj.e-iph.co.uk/index.php/EBProceedings/article/view/114/pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Hamzah, H., Yahya, Z., Sarip, A.G. and Mohd Adnan, Y., 2016. Impact of entrepreneurship education programme (EEP) on entrepreneurial intention of real estate graduates.Pacific Rim Property Research Journal,[Online]. Available at: https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00008110_136064.pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Jiram, W.A., Bujang, A.A., Zarin, H.A. and Latib, A.A., 2016. Assessing the Adequacy of Assimilation of Real Estate Graduate's Generic Competency.International Journal of Information and Education Technology,[Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276379788_Assessing_the_Adequacy_of_Assimilation_of_Real_Estate_Graduates_Generic_Competency [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Jiram, W.A., Bujang, A.A., Zarin, H.A. and Latib, A.A., 2016. Measuring the Sufficiency of the Infusion of Generic Skills of Real Estate Graduates by Training.International Journal of Information and Education Technology,[Online]. Available at: https://www.ijiet.org/vol6/666-K00012.pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Lim, H.K., How, H.Y., Liew, S.Y., Chye, K.Y. and Sarah, A.P., 2016.The Investment Return of Real Estate Industry to Investors: A Study based in Malaysia, [Online]. Available at: https://eprints.utar.edu.my/2365/1/FN-2016-1301981.pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Ochieng, D.E., Abdulai, R., Obeng-Odoom, F. and Malien?, V., 2017. Real estate, construction and economic development in emerging market economies. [Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Edward_Ochieng/publication/283715902_Real_Estate_Construction_and_Economic_Development_in_Emerging_Market_Economies/links/57f7b19308ae886b89835d59/Real-Estate-Construction-and-Economic-Development-in-Emerging-Market-Economies.pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Rogers, D., 2017. Becoming a super-rich foreign real estate investor: Globalising real estate data, publications and events. [Online]. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-54834-4_5 [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Sanni, A.O. and Hashim, M., 2016. A review of public private partnership procurement practice in Malaysia.International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development,[Online]. Available at: https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJTLID.2016.075178 [Accessed on: 7 March 2018]. Zainuddin, Z. and Nordin, N., 2016. Addressing governance issue in Islamic real estate investment (I-REITs): a case study for OIC country Malaysia.International Journal of Islamic Business (IJIB),[Online]. Available at: https://www.ijib.uum.edu.my/data07/IJIB%2011(2016)%2060-75.pdf [Accessed on: 7 March 2018].